J r CALDWELL HISTORY Preface Assuming that a general history of Caldwell district would be inte resting a nd informative, not only to its own inhabitant s , but also to the a ve r age Youngstown citizen, the author has decide d t o write down the dat a and impre ssions which he has gathered from a va ri e ty of s ources . He wises to g ive his most sincere thanks and appreciation to all those who have in any way aided him in this undertaking, and s pecial . recogniti o n for the same to the following individuals: Miss Margaret Modland, Mis s Mary Haddow, Mi ss Margaret McNab, Mrs. Mary Hogan, Miss Ce cilia Flannery, Miss Mable M. Mar c us, Mrs. Warren Williamson, Miss Sarah Simms, Mr. Pe t e Manning, Mr. Charl e s Westlake, Mr. Dennis Cregan, Mr. Hub e rt Weikert, Mr. Milan R. Kara s , Mr. Paul L. Strait, Mr. Sidney R. Krep s , Th e Re ali ty Guarante e and Tru s t Co., The Mah o ning County Court Hou se , and Th e Youngstown Bo a r d o f Education. Practi call y e ve ry Youngstown pe rson ha s either hea rd of, vi s ited , or live d in this pa rt o f the c ity , s pecifically known as Caldwell di s tri ct and proba bl y be tte r known as "Mo nk e y ' s Nest" or lowe r Bri e r Hill. But a fte r a ll, wh a t does the ave rage o ut s ider (or inside r f o r that matte r) reall y know about this di s trict exce pt pe rhap s that it is l ocated on the north-wes t s ide of t own and inhabite d mostly by the f o r e i gn and colored c la sses of peo pl e . But that i s mere ly surface knowl e dg e ! You must learn its past a nd presen t history, if yo u a re really to kn ow and unde rstand the r oma nce o f life tha t has go ne into its ma k ing. You must realize that t hi s d i s tri c t o f fe r s e veryone a wo nd e rful opportunity t o study s ome o f the mo s t v ita l ph ase s o f hereditary and e nvironmental philospphi e s; a n o pportunity to l ea rn and to love those people who give their bodi e s and soul s t o a "me lt i ng po t " o f Ameri ca n c iviliza tion. In orde r th a t yo u may have a mo r e c o nc r e t e found a ti on o n which t o cons tr uc t yo ur conce pt s , and a gui de t o your future obse rvations of thi s distri c t l e t 's cons ider s ome r e lative l y important qu es ti ons. What are its bo und a r y lines ? We ll, generall y speaking, the no rthe rn bo un dary i s that pa rt o f Wes t F~deral Stree t be t we en West Lake Cros s ing and Worthingt o n Stree ts; a nd the southe rn boundary is the Mahoning River. Th e t e rrito r y which thi s compri ses i s most or all o f Caldwe ll District, Low e r Bri e r Hill, "Monkey's Nest", o r wha t e ver you may call it. Do these nam e s sugge s t any thing to you? Have you e ver wondered who were the first settl e rs, what nationality the y we r e , and how they made their living? As i s mo s t o fte n the case in the history of America cities, thi s t oo was at fir s t all f a rm land. Pe ople lived and tilled the gro und where we now find th~ mill s , the s treets, and the wo rkers home s . But who were the o riginal l a nd ow ne rs? During the latte r part of the ei ghtee nth century t he State o f Co nne cti c ut s o ld three milli on acres of land from the eastern e nd o f wh a t wa s the n known as the Conne cticut Western Res e rve t o Jose ph Howlan d a nd f o rty- seve n o ther s for one milli on two hundred doll a r s , that i s approximately forty cents per acre. Joseph Howland and his ac companied members formed a deed of trust with John Caldwell, John Morgan, and Jonathan Brase , conveying to them the right to survery, plat, and sell thi s land. The Caldwe ll family holds a very important place in the historical background of not only this district, but also of the city as a whole. Manes and Henry Caldwell owned considerable land, and the house of their farm was located on Wells Street. An interesting thing about these two men is that they were stone masons by trade, and they eh1ped to build the monument that sta nds on the Public Square today. Did you know that before these men could start on the erection of the monument they first had to fill up the frog pond that was then on that very spot? If you . reme~ber that frog pond, the n you must have been one of the early pioneers of Youngstown. Because of the influe ntial lives of the Caldwell family the name has r emained for posterity to r e vere. Caldwell Street, Caldwell School, and Caldwell Se ttlement are called so in its honor. The next time you come in contact with any of the above try to remember the historical s ignificance . CALDWELL HI STORY Le t us continue with this narative and try to get a glimpse of life in this community both as it was and as it i s today. In order to give you a clear and comprehensive picture , the time must be divided into thre e period s ; the No rdi c , So uthern S l av and Colored eras. Taking up the No rdic period first, we find that the Welsh were among the first s e ttler s in this community . They were mostly f a rm e r s and coa l miner s and came here to follow these lines. When the c oal mines were worked o ut they hega n to move nearer the city, particul a rly the Caldwe ll Distri c L. A shol-t time late r, about 1863 , the Cartwright Mill, which \'-Ia s one of the first mills to be built in this vicinity, wa s e r ected on Mo o r e Street, which i s now known a s West Rayen Avenue, east of Stu ll Street now West Av e nu e . Thi s mill, \'1hich was built by S. K. Sheld, Wm. Clark, James Car t vi ri g h t, and P. J. L u n dry, pro d u c e d h 00 P s for bar r e I s , b u c k e t san d tub s , was the beg inning o f the gigantic stee l indu s try of today . Com ing about th e same tillle as the Cartwright Mi 11 were the Eri e Rai 1- road, wh i c h pa sse s thr:' ugr. o n the no rth s ide of the ne iqhborhood, d nd Cl ark ' " Shingl e Bent Fa cto ry, which s t ood o n a site now occupied by the City Coa l and Supp l y Company. Fact o ry. Later Ring ' s Sucke r Factory repla c ed the Shingle Leav ing the industrial pi c ture and turning elsewhere we find that in 1865 to 1870 thi s community was mostly a cow pasture with a l ove ly peach orchard a s it s beauty spot . Wh ere the beautiful pea c h orchard. which wa s once the pride of its owners, stood now s tands a desolate ~rap heap. The orchard was sacrificed to the eve r expa nding industrial e ra. -2- The ho uses , which were few and fa r between, were not originally bui It upon the s ites they now occupy but were moved in from Vi e nn a, Chur c hhill a nd Power's Min e , on the other side o f the Mahoning River. The streets were unpaved and the s ide walks con s i sted of three board s l a id s ide by s ide . Ardal e Stree t, wh i c h i s one of the o ldest s tree t s in Youngstown, was me r e l y a lane f o r c ow s t o c ro s s the rai lroad tracks. Th e comm e r c ial nee ds of the c ommunity at that time wer e t ake n care of by Mr. Dan Gall eghe r, who had a General Store and Saloon o n the corner of Ardale and Moo r e Street s. Moore St r ee t, whi c h was the first s tree t in the neighborhood to be paved, was named after Hugh Moore, one of the e arly settlers. Sharing thi s busine s s with Ga ll eghe r we re: J ohn Mc Guure, J o hn Moor e Sr., and Mr. Bates. The forme r two had s tores and sa loo n s on Moor e Street, while t he latter ran a general store o n the spo t now taken up by the Sherman Sc rap ya rd. Mr. Bates so l d out to John Heal ey who later turned the busines s over t o his son. Th e ne ighborhood had no churches now nor schools and therefore the religiou s need s o f the people were take n care of by St. Co lumbia' s Churc h, a littl e wooden bui lding on Wo od St r eet . It had the s erv i c e of a visiting priest who came o n hor seback fr om Min e rva. Othe r c hurche s ~;hich wer e of se rvi ce were: The Me thodist Church on Front Street, First Presbyterian o n Wick Av e nu e , and St. Ann's Church in Brier Hill. Beca use there were no school s in the Caldwell Di s tri c t t he c hildre n had to go t o Wood Street Sc hool wh e r e they we re taught by Mi s s Thorn, o ne of the earliest teachers here. Th e peopl e of those days did not enjoy the s ervi ce s o f a newsbo y who daily delivers the ne ws papers to o ur front doo rs today, but rathe r they had -3- to congregate in fr ont o f J ewe l' s Dru g Store o n West Fede ral St r ee t, whe r e a man a rri aed o n ho r seback from Cl eve l and dai l y at abou t 11 o ' c l oc k t o inform them o f what was goi ng on in the city a nd out s ide wo rl d . newspa pe r was pub li s hed in Canf i e l d , Ohi o . La t e r a See ing th e s ucess o f the Ca rtwr i ght Mill, E. E. We ll, Th oma s We ll s , Benj am in Rowl ey , Dr. W. L. Bu c hne r, He rman C. Buchne r, Cov ingto n West l ake, George Achins a nd He nr y Wick t oget he r financed the Youn gstown Ro lling Mi 11 whi ch wa s bui It in 187 1-72 near He zlop Stree t, wh e r e the Union Wo rk s of the Car neg i e Ste e l Compa ny i s now located . This mill like the Cartwright Mill made hoop s and tank iro n. Th e s tee l indu s try mad e the community t ake on the appea rance o f a thri vin g neighbor~od whi c h attrac t e d the better type of the wo r king c l asse s who s aw in it a go lden o ppotunit y to better their conditi o ns in l ife. It was at thi s time that the Engli s h a nd Germa n settlers came over. With the c omin g of these working peopl e many problems arose, the most pa ramo unt o f which was taking c are of the needy who we r e t em porarily in capa c itated by s ickness o r o the r mi s fortune. We had no Alli ed Counc il or F. E. R. A., and the r e for e the ir p l ace wa s t a ken by th e Me nnonit e s , a c haritab l e gro up of pe o pl e who had a sett l ement o n Fe de ral Stree t wh e r e the Y. M. C. A. i s now l oca t e d . Th ose people gave cons iderab l e a id and ass i s t a nce to the needy in thi s di s tri c t. Th e Me nn o nites we r e not o nly Com unit y- minded in sofar a s providing a id for the needy, but they a l so es tabli s hed Youn g stown's f ir s t Fresh Air Cam p wh i c h was l ocacted in North Ja c kson. Th e y a ll owed the peop l of Ca l dw e ll Di s tri c t an opportunity t o send twe nt y- five c hil dre n t o the ir camp a t va ri o u s times in the s ummer . -4- While all the above events were taking place, the people of the Caldwe ll District were fighting for a publi c school and just as July the 4th, 1776 i s a r ed-letter day in the history of our Country, July the 5th, 1886 might ln its vlay be c>n side red the red-letter day in the history of free public ed ucation in the Caldwell Distri ct , for it was on that day that the Board of Edu ca ti o n made the people's dreams come true by purc ha s ing a lot on Caldwel l Street from James Caldwell whe r e a two-room schoo lhouse was built and comp l eted in January 1887. The first teachers of the school were: Miss Rose Reibel and Mis s Moisner; and the first custodian wa s Mr. Jame s Good. Later o n two more rooms were added and finally three portables we r e built t o take care of the steady overflow. This school was unlike o ther schoo l s in one respect. It had an 18ft. fence all around the schoolyard . The fence was put up to protect the children, not only from physical harnl but also from the s ights, some of which were e ntire l y unsuited f o r the eye s of children to see . This fence served its purpose for years to come, finall y being torn down after 1922. For the enjoyment of the yo ung folks there were two bath ho u s e s o n the south s ide of the Ma honing Rive r, across fr om West Avenue . and girls u sed to go swimming. He r e th e boys I am s ure that many people are anxious to know how the community rece i ved its na:"e o f "Monkey' s Ne s t". In the early pa rt of the nineteenth century Mr. Tom Collins had a saloon on Bridge Street. He used to keep Monk e ys in the window as sdr t of an attraction and advertisement. It has also been s aid and verified that the reason for the Mo nk eys in the window was not an attraction but rathe r a request by several influential c itizens - 5- fr om o the r pa rt s o f t he c ity wh o pa troni zed the place an d wh o a t times were no t pos i t i ve th a t t hey could loc ate the es tab li s hment. Th ey th o ught the r efo r e, that the Mo nkeys ln t he window wo uld a i d them in findin g t he sa l oon. Things we nt o n qui e tly for a time vlith immigrant s fr om southe rn Euro pe coming in now a nd t he n. Som e o f these peopl e we nt ba c k t o t he ir na tive countr ie s a nd pi ctured Am e ri ca a s a g l o ri o u s land of oppo r t unit y a nd pl e n ty . Th e y fir e d the ir ow n pe ople with a des ire and ambition t o come t o Am e ri c a wh e r e the y coul d make the ir f o rtune in a s hort time . Th e f e w immi g r a nt s that c am e now an d t he n were the f o r e runne r s o f the new immigrantion whi c h started in 1890 a nd continue d up to the World War. Th ese pe opl e , the maj o rity o f whom we r e pea s ant s a nd f rame r s , c ame here with the inte nti o n of makin g the ir f o rtunes in a comparative l y s ho rt time and r e turnin g aga in t o the ir native l a nd whe r e the y c ould s pe nd the r e st of the ir da ys in peace and pl e nty. Man y o f th e m c arri e d out the ir o rigina l inte nti o n s but many ot he r s r e mained he r e , r ea r ed familie s a nd ado pte d Am e ri c a a s the ir na ti ve l a nd . Lea ving thei r own country a nd c omin g to Am e ri c a the s e peo pl e c ame into contact with a c ulture and s t a ndard of living e ntire ly un f amiliar t o th em a nd e nti r e l y unl ik~ t he one the y had ju s t l e ft be hind the m. pi c ked o ut ce rta in s po ts into whi c h they c ongre gared; s pots whe r e they coul d li ve up t o the ir ow n s tandard s a nd c ultures . Th e Caldwe ll Di s tri c t, be ing ne ar th e s t ee l mill s , wa s one of these pi c ke d are a s into whi c h the immigr a nt s c am e in s uc h l a r ge number s that the y soon o ve r c r owd e d the di st ri c t , f o rcin g the o ri g inal settl e r s to move into o the r pa rts of the c ity. At thi s time a wife wa s a pre mium a nd literall y wo rth he r we i ght in go l d . A man wh o wa s f o rtuna t e e nough t o po ssess o ne o f these " be a s t s o f burde n" l m me diate ly set up a boarding ho u se into whi c h the Croati o n, Hun gari a n and o the r s outhe rn slav ne wcome r s rushed in s uc h appalling numb e r s tha t the y br oke eve r y ex i s ting rul e o f hea lth a nd sanita ti o n. of o ne o f these homes . Le t us take time o u t t o ge t a pi c ture - 6- Here wa s a five room ho use which consis ted of three rooms on the fir s t floor and two room s o n the s econd. On the first floor the re was a kitchen, a middle room somewhat similar to our dining room and a bedroom. In the house lived a family who had four children. All six members of the family occupied the bedroom down s tairs. The two r ooms upstair s were oc c upied by twenty-four boarde rs, twelve of whom worked the night shift and twelve of whom worked the day turn. Each upstairs bedroom held two double beds which were in continuou s u se . The men who worked nights slept during the day and the men who worked day turn used the bed s at night, at the rate of three men to a bed. About the room one saw trunks and clothes piled up waist high and they took up so much space that there wa s hardly room enough t o turn around. The wom e n of the household did all of the washing, ironing, cooking and clean- ing for this group of thirty people. In return for he r services each boarder paid her three dollars per month. The household expenses such as food, uti 1- ities, heat and s o forth were al l added up and divided proportionally among the boarder s . In o rder to accomplish everything that had to be done, it wa s neces s ary for these vlomen to get up at 4 o'clock and keep busy un til da r-k • At the e nd of J day' s Ivork how mu c h time and how mu c h energy do you l h ink such women had t o g ive to the i r chi ldren? I s i s a wonder that so many of them went down t o a premature grave or i f s till living are but mere s he 11 s the ir former se l ves? They sacrificed their happiness and their lives in a "melting pot" of American civil i zation, so that their children might have a better start and be better e quipped to meet life's battles . o f Another inte r es ting story of the s uffering that these women went through is the fo llOlving: Mrs. X, who live d wit h he r hu sba nd in a box-car on the Railroad gave birth to a son o n Saturday evening and was up on Sunda y morn in g to make breakfast for a gro up of hungry boarders. attended by either a doctor or a nurse. During all this time she was un- -7- Such i s a pi c ture of their hom e life . Now l et us turn to their out- s ide as soc iation. When they first came here they cou l dn 't speak the langua ge , didn't know the laws nor c ustoms and were therefore forced to segregate the~­ se lves in groups a nd ne ighborhoods which virtually mad e towns within the town. Th e Croation, Hun ga ri a n or other South S lav who could s peak the En g lish language was mu c h in demand for he wa s their interpretor, advisor and would be 1 awye r. At first, not having tradesmen of their own, they were forced to deal with peopl e who a lready had established businesses. One of the first man t o have this foreign trade was Ed. Wolsh, and because of the difficulty to spe ll and pronounce hi s c u s tome rs' names, he gave them numbe r s . Late r o n o ne of their ow n memb e rs opened up a sa loon and butcher shop on the cor ner of Mannin g and Dakota St. All of the foreign trade floc ked to him and soon he wa s acclaimed a s the Croation "Cz ar". He was not only the ir saloon keeper. but che r and advi so r, he was also their banker; for a large number of the pe op l e , not knowing about the r e gular bank s a nd not knowing how to deal with them even i f they knew about the bank s, turned their money over to Mr. Mogus for sufekeeping. Ju st as the C,' oat i on s cl c c l a imed Mr- . Mog u s as tl,eir "C za r-", Lh( ' Hun garidn :, heaped s imi l a r honors a nd prestige upon Mr. Vasco who was thei r l eader and r-e- presentative. Mr. Va sco had a sa loon on St . Claire Av e nu e . Th e bit events in the live s of the se people were funerals, c hristening s amd weddings. Ev ery member of their group that died wa s given a nea r high military funeral with every organization that he belonged to turning out in full regalia. procession. Flage flapped in the breeze and bands played in the funeral Christening s were ce lebrated with feasting and rejoicing. The gala eve nt was the wedding, preparation for which s tarted weeks in -8- advance. Th e fea s ting and me rr ymak ing l as t ed for about a week at a time and eve ry " s uc c e ss f ul" wedd ing e nded in a fr ee-fo r-all fight. Th e c u s tom of pre se nting gift s at a (,-oation wedding differed s omewhat fr om o ur Am e ri c an c u stom. We Ame ri ca ns pre se nt mate rial gift s t o the new ly marri e d couple, while the Croations pre se n ted mon e y. It wa s not un comm o n for a new ly ma rri ed Croati~n couple t o get a s hi gh a s $2,000 o r $2,500 t ota l a s wedding g i f t s . Th ese c u s t oms have bee n ab so rbed to s uch a n extent by the eve r y-inc r eas ing s~orot pf Am e ri ca ni sm shown by these pe opl e , that at the present time a Croation boy o r girl would hardly r ecognize them as c ustoms of his pare nt s . Th e peop le who r e mained here be tan to ortanize by making Frate rnal Uni o n s a nd even bui l ding thei r ow n c hurc he s and schoo l s . Th e Cr oa ti o ns bu i It the i r c hurch a nd schoo l o n Covington Stree t while the Hungarian Bapt i st build a c hurch o n Mannin g Av e nu e . The latte r c hurc h wa s the fir s t o ne o n the di st ri c t . In the ea rl y 1900 ' s Mi s s Mar ga r e t Mc Nab was princ ipa l of the Ca ldwe l I Sc hool. She did some very const ructive work unde r the c r owded and trying c on ditions. Th e building which could adequatel y handle only three g rades wa s so overcrowded t hat many of the c hildre n were for ced to go t o the Cov ing t o n Stre et Sc hool. Th e per i od betwee n 19 10 and the Wo rld Wa r was o ne o f c ommunit y im p r o ve - me nt. In 19 10 Mi ss Sarah A Simms bec am e the first publ ic s c hoo l nur se ln which capac ity s he se rved until 19 18 wh e n s he was fo r ced t o r es ign due t o he r mother' s illness. He r t e rritory in~luded half of the c ity a nd s he vi s ited Stambau gh, Tod , Wa s hin g t o n, Bri e r Hill, Jeffe r son and Ca l dw e l I Sc hoo l s . Thre e times a week s he vi s ite d Ca ldwe ll Sc hoo l where she had a di s pe nsa r y in the basement and the r e s he administered fir s t-aid a nd gave med i c al examinati o n s t o 40 or 50 c hil dre n each vi s it. Anything such as itc h, burn s , c ut s a nd b rui se s - 9- wa s taken ca r e of . Mi ss Simms d i dn't r es tri c t he r work to t he sc hoo l s , s he a l s o vi s ited the homes on s pecial individual cases . Ontopofall thi s s he in s truc t ed a g roup o f o l de r girl s in the art of nur s ing, dress ing a nd tak ing c are of babies . In 19 10 Th oma s Ker na n had J hot e l o n the c or ne r of CI-e~.cnt a nd::; t. Cl ai r e Street s . In 19 11 Mr . We l s h had a moving pi c ture theate r on the c o rne l- o f Rayen a nd St. Claire Av e nu es . Opp os ite the thea t e r wa s a public dance hall. Al l of these pl aces have s ince bee n turn down or di scontinued. At about thi s time, the peri od be twe n 19 10 and 19 12 , Dr. Harr y E. We l sh, Mi ss Simm s and Mi ss Ma rg a r e t Mc Nab saw the necess ity of a c onTll unit y Se ttl e - me nt and urged that o ne be constructe d. In order to mak e thi s pos s i b l e , Dr. R. D. Gib son donated some land o n Ma nnin g Av e nue in mem o r y o f hi s mother, Mr s Neilson, a nd on thi s s ite v,as constructed the Ne ilson Ho u se , vlhi c h was built from fund s donated by Mr s . Henr y Garli c h, Y.W . C.A., the Vi s iting Nur ses a nd the Carnegi e Stee l Company . Thi s set tl eme nt via s a nd s till i s unde r the s upe rvi s i o n of the Y.W. C.A., and i s u sed for for e i gn mother s ' c lubs a nd c hil d r e n' s kinder ga l-de n. Mr s . C. A. Bri dgeme n, the former Mi ss Mar ga r e t Mod e l a nd , a g r aduate nur s e who i s now li v ing in China, unde rtook the Se ttl eme nt work here under the Y.w.e.A. s upe rvi sion . Thi s was r ea ll y the fir s t sett l eme nt \oJork in Yo un gstown . Othe rs assist~ng were: Mi ss Trea s sa Pee bl es who t a ught e l oc uti o n, a nd Mi ss Harre t te Rh oads who taught mu s i c . cooking, millinery a nd dressmak ing . Mr s . C. A. Bridgeman had c la sses in Dr. Sa m Sedwitz, who wa s the fir s t welfare doctor i n Yo un g s town, assisted in volu n teer infant work here. Ab out the same time that the Nrildon House was bui l t, con s truc ti o n s tarted -10- on the fir s t playground ln the neighborhood. I twas bui 1 t by Leo Gui hman on Hezlip Street whe r e the Union Works Playground now stands. Mr. Guhlman was aided fin a nc i a lly by Mr. Henry Stambaugh. Later the Carnegie Stee l Company gave it s ass i stance and rnaG e it o ne of the be s t playground s in the city. Wh e n the boom c am e to Youngstown, Carnegie Steel Company took some of this land on whi ch they bui 1d an office and a line of garages. This playground, unde r the direc tion of the Carnegi e Steel Co mpan y, wa s the r ec reati o na l ce nte r o f the community for about ten years. It wa s c losed during the years of 193e and 1931, and thereby forced the c hildre n t o pla y out in the streets where the danger, dirt and filth we r e so pro no un c ed that it could ea s i 1y e seen that there was an ur ge nt need f o r s afe and c l ean re creational facilities. The Caldwe ll Se ttlement vlith the aid of the Children' s Welfare Bureau r eo pened the playground in 1932 and kept it ope n through the years 1933, 19 34, and 1935. At first s t o ne-throwing was a pa s time and many boys became very ex pert in the art o f mi ss i 1e to s sing. Much of thi s , however, was s topped whe n the ir energies we r e directed into such channel s as baske tball, basebal I, a nd vo 1vey ba ll whi c h l'i en; s upplied t o them through t he o pening o f the pl ayg l-oll nti in the s ummer time a nd the Butl e r Gym in the winter. As tirne went o n the se peopl e worked and live d conte nted ly. Th e n c am e the World War with its a ccompanying boom and it was followed by the s teel st rike . Th e Steel Companies were now in the position where they e ither had t o c l ose up their plants o r bring workers up frorn the South. Th ey chose th e l at t e r course. Thi s s t a rted the colored moveme nt toward the s teel rni 1 I s . Th e fir s t co lored people in this district were the Flemming fami l y . The y came in about 1915. At first th e r e wa s much friction between these groups, going e ve n as far as s howing itself in a miniature race riot. This condition, howe ve r, due t o th~ -11- fa c t that the c o l ored and white children have been taught toget he r ln school a nd habe played t ogether has been remedied to a large extent. In 1922 Mi s s Mary Hoddow be c am e princ ipal o f the old Caldwell Sc hool. It st ill had the e i gh tee n f,::: o t fence a r o und it and vias so c r-olvded that it IvO~ neces s ary to u se two s c hoo l sess ion s . Th e morning se s s ion l asted from e i gh t unti I twelve and the afternoon session from twelve unti I four. Th ere we re e ighteen teache r s , half of whom taught in the morning and half in the afternoon. The pupils were mostly of foreign born parents with only ten colored student s and one Irish s tude nt among them. Th e school not only taught the c hildren but pe rformed a s imil a r se rvice for their parents who were instructed in the Am e ri c anization c l a s ses which were he ld during the eve ning. In the l a te twenties, the Juveni Ie Court authori ti es see ing that the delinquency rate for children wa s higher in the Caldwe ll Di s tri c t than in any other district in Youngstown and that thi s rate wa s r a pidl y inc r ea s ing dec i ded to inve s tigate the conditions, loc ate the cause s and attempt to r emedy them. About this same time Miss Mary Haddow and Judge Dahl Cooper saw the need le ss pred i c ame nt that the neighborhood was in. This ne ighborhood whi c h neede d r e c r eat i onal cen t e r s more tha n any ot he r s e c tion in the c i ty did nol have a s ingle place whe r e the yo ung peopl e might congregate for recreational purpo se s in winter or in s ummer. Because of this condition the c hildre n were for c ed t o play in the s treet s o r along the railroad tracks. Th ese places, be s ides bein g very dangerous t o life and limb, were the mean s through whi c h the c hi ldren sooner o r later came befo r e the Juve nile Court. Huck sters ' wagon s were attached, de li ve r y truck s were robbed, coa l and sc rap iro n wa s knocked off pa ss ing freight trains and sold. Th e money de rived fr om s uc h tran s actions was used to sa ti s fy luxuriou s and immoral de s ire s . -12- Ga ng s whi c h took to thieving were formed. Th e boy s knew the s c hed ul es o f the coa l and s c ri p-iro n fre ight s ; and made it a prac ti ce to work in pair s and get a s much coa l and scrip-iton a s they c ould. While one boy c limbed the train and knocked off coa l, another one would go along the track and gather it up. It was then so l d for 25¢ a sack . To many boy s and their f ami lie s thi d wa s the s o l e means of live lihood . On e boy r eported that for one peri od during the depre s s i o n no one in hi s fami ly was employed . The family consisted of seven a nd ' the mon e y that he received from the s ale o f coal and scrip-iron was their o nly means of support . His earn in gs averaged about $17.00 a month. Altho ugh g r ea t impro vement has been made in the line of "coal a nd sc rip-ire) hu s tling" as it is t ermed in this l oca lity, it i s sti ll a problem of the ne ighborhood for no t so long ago the writer, while watching a b~ll game in the playground, I"as s uddenl y surprised to see the boys stop in the mddle of an exciting game a d da s h t o the raidroad track s to knock coa l off a pa ss ing fre ight. Wh en a c he c k up was mad e it was f o und that thirtee n boys had l eft the ball game t o catch the train. Many times ga ng s of boys be tween the ages of 12 and 18 could be seen o n the stre e t s and betwe e n buildings shoot ing dice for small a fl lollnt s o f mun c y th a t were made in the above mentioned way. Bootleg li quor was made a nd so l d . It was of a very c heap brand a nd had a bad effect upo n the physical health of many of its use r s . The "bu g" or number racted came in and i s played t o a ver y la'-ge exte n t by folk s in many homes . What worse conditions could a consc ientiou s social worker run up against? This problem was brought up before Mr. Ray Hagstrom a nd the trustee s of the Children' s Se rvi ce Bure au in 19 18 by Miss Mar y Hadd ow and Judge Dahl Coope r. It was dec ide d that the building next to the schoolhouse wo uld answer the purpose and the Ca ldwe ll Settlement was established the r e . Among tho se present at the opening banquet were: Mr. S. R. Kreps, Mr. J. -1 3- Ri c he n son, Supe ri nte nde n t of Sc hoo l s, Judge Da hl Coope r , Mi ss Mary Had dow, Mr. Ra y Hag s trom and va ri o u s me mbe r s o f the Boa rd of Ed uca t i o n. Thi s p r o ject, s po n so r ed by t he Chil d r e n' s Se rvi ce Bu rea u , was e s tab li s he d and now main ta ined t hrou gh fund s f r om t he e states of Da vi d Tod Arre l, a nd Dr. 1,1. L. Bu ec hne r a nd Luc h Bu e c hner . Fo r seve r a l yea r s now the Se t t l eme nt has bee n s pread ing it s goo d in f lue nce within t he ne i gh bo r hood . De linq ue ncy h u s bee n c ut dow n con s i de r ab l y . Th e peopl e have been a nd a r e be ing ed ucated in the Am e ri ca n c ustoms ; c l a sses in En g li s h wr i t i ng and s pe a k in g have bee n o r ga ni zed. thi s a very min i a tu r e "H u ll Hou s e" . In s ho rt o ne mi ght c a ll In t he se ve r a l ye a r s of i t s ex i stanc e , the Sett l em e nt ha s r e a c he d the o int wh e r e i t conta in s o ve r fo rt y c lu bs and has a n a nnu a l a t tendanc e o f over o ne hun d r ed t housa n t pe opl e . Th e Set tl eme nt, whi c h wa s o r i g ina ll y under t he juri sd i c t i o n o f Mr. & Mr s . Ridl ey Gilli s p i e , i s now unde r t he d ir-ec ti o n o f Mr. Hu bert J. We i ke rt, who i s a ss i s ted y Mr s . Emma Ande r s o n, g i r l s ' work er . ~1r. Ro be rt C. AIm, phys i ca l d irec t or a nd s uc h mino r a ss i s ta n t s a nd vo l unt ee r vlOr " e r s a~ el r-c , <_'e e me d necessJ r y . Fr om the repo r L , o f the Ju ven il e Co urt we f ind that Ihe c r i me r d t C' l o r- t h i '; l oca li ty as ear l y as f i ve year s ago was hi ghe r than a ny o t he r ne ighborhood in thi s c ity . I n 193 5 the fi g ures s how a dro p of 50/ . Th i s rate i s s t ill hi gh bu t p r og r ess ha s been ma de a nd to whi c h age ncy the c r ed i t mu s t go ca nno l be a bso lu te l y de t e r mined . Th e Sc hoo l , Pl ayg r o und, Se ttl e me n t , Ne i l s on Ho u se a nd the va ri o u s c hu r c hes a ll d id the i r pa rt in thi s wo r k . Beca u se of th e c r owjed cond i t i o ns a nd an ab s olute need o f a ne w schoolhous~ t he new J ose ph G. Bu t l e r Jr. Sc hoo l \