Louisiana's unique conditions and Andrew Jackson's martial law declaration, 1814-1815

Abstract

Despite two centuries of historical research on the War of 1812 and the Battle of New Orleans specifically, little is known about the martial law declaration of Andrew Jackson and his reasons for taking such dramatic action. The overall perceptions that emerge from the historical record are that either Jackson was a megalomaniacal tyrant and imposed martial law to satisfy a lust for power or that martial law occurred in a natural course of conducting the defense of the city. This study undertakes an exploration of how Louisiana's distinctive circumstances affected Andrew Jackson's decision to declare martial law in New Orleans. It examines the cultural, political and racial components of Louisiana from its exploration and settlement by European powers through its acquisition by the United States and subsequent indoctrination into republican government before the War of 1812. It then explores the conditions of intrigue, political ineptitude and factionalism Andrew Jackson encountered as conveyed by officials and residents that gave him reasons to doubt the populations' loyalty in defending New Orleans against a massive British invasion. Conditions under martial law and the repercussions of Jackson's decision to keep the city under military control for an extended period following his stunning victory describe his remarkable intransigence and dedication to duty. This study adds important background information to the study of a largely ignored aspect of the Battle of New Orleans and demonstrates legitimate reasons for Jackson's behavior.